| # | Polity | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | Edit | Desc |
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absent before the gunpowder era
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absent before the gunpowder era
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absent before the gunpowder era
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absent before the gunpowder era
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Gunpowder not present for another couple thousand years.
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we need expert input in order to code this variable
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Defences against gunpowder weapons not necessary until the invention of gunpowder, a few thousand years after this period.
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No gunpowder at this time.
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older reports describe make-shift palisades and watchtowers made from wood only
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Royal Fortress of the Concepcion built in 1663 on the Portuguese-Spanish border area. It’s an example of a starfort.
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Not mentioned in the literature.
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Not mentioned in the literature.
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Not mentioned in the literature.
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Not mentioned in the literature.
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Not discussed in consulted literature RA.
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Not discussed in consulted literature RA.
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Not mentioned in the literature.
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Not mentioned in the literature.
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Inferred from the period.
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Based on the impossibility of star forts at this time.
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used after the introduction of gunpowder, e.g., trace italienne/starfort
|
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Technology not yet available
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Technology not yet available
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Technology not yet available
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Technology not yet available
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Technology not yet available
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Technology not yet available
|
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Technology not yet available
|
||||||
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For the largest armies 20-25 miles per day. Theodore Dodge’s Caesar: A History of The Art of War (1900). EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://seshat.info/File:DodgeHow.jpg
|
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no evidence of these type of fortifications, but no source explicitly saying they were absent
|
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not possible at this time
|
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no evidence of these type of fortifications, but no source explicitly saying they were absent
|
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No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
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No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
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No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
|
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not possible at this time
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no evidence of these type of fortifications, but no source explicitly saying they were absent
|
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cannon forts were not available at this time
|
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absent before the gunpowder era
|
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Siege cannon not established in this period.
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Siege cannon not established in this period.
|
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Before the time of modern cannon forts
|
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Before the modern era of cannonball warfare
|
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Far too early for modern canon forts.
|
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The Xiongnu could not have had modern, canon fitted forts at this time
|
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The Xiongnu could not have had modern, canon fitted forts at this time
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Gunpowder not yet invented.
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Gunpowder not yet invented.
Other technologies |
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Gunpowder not yet invented or introduced.
|
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Gunpowder not yet invented or introduced.
|
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Gunpowder not yet invented.
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Gunpowder not yet introduced.
|
||||||
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This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
|
||||||
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Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology.
|
||||||
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Whether colonial military forts were constructed remains in need of confirmation.
|
||||||
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Pirak is pre-modern warfare.
|
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Nausharo was occupied in pre-modern times.
|
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not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with warfare
|
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No references identified in the literature. RA.
|
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Technology not yet available
|
||||||
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Technology not yet available
|
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Technology not yet available
|
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gunpowder not used
|
||||||
|
Technology not yet available
|
||||||
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Technology not yet available
|
||||||
|
Technology not yet available
|
||||||
|
gunpowder not invented at this time
|
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Inferred as occurred later.
|
||||||
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Technology not yet available
|
||||||
|
Technology not yet available
|
||||||
|
Technology not yet available
|
||||||
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Cannon equipped reinforced star forts are not yet in use
|
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Not developed until later in history.
|
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-
|
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|
-
|
||||||
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absent before the gunpowder era
|
||||||
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Gunpowder not present for another couple thousand years.
|
||||||
|
we need expert input in order to code this variable
|
||||||
|
"When Jin forces attacked the Song capital of Kaifeng in 1126, they met stout resistance. The city’s defenses had been overhauled, and it boasted immense walls, a deep wide moat, and advanced fortifications structures including bastions and barbicans."
[1]
[1]: (Andrade 2016, 34) Andrade, Tonio. 2016. The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. |
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|
Gunpowder not present so walls at this time were not designed to defend against gunpowder siege artillery.
|
||||||
|
Defences against gunpowder weapons not necessary until the invention of gunpowder, a few thousand years after this period.
|
||||||
|
No discussion in literature of this. In this case it is evidence of absence since this is in line with logical expectations for this late-complexity society.
|
||||||
|
older reports describe make-shift palisades and watchtowers made from wood only.
|
||||||
|
General fortifications reference:
[1]
[1]: (Adam 1981, 232) Adam, S. 1981. “The Importance of Nubia: A Link between Central Africa and the Mediterranean.” In General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa, edited by G. Mokhtar, II:226-44. General History of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/8APQDQV3. |
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|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Not discussed in consulted literature RA.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature RA.
|
||||||
|
"Castle architecture became increasingly complex from the 12th to 13th centuries. ... All of these precautions became obsolete with the widespread use of gunpowder in the 14th and 15th centuries, and castles became simply country residences for the nobility."
[1]
[1]: (Jesse 1995, 181) Scott Jesse. Castles. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon. |
||||||
|
"Castle architecture became increasingly complex from the 12th to 13th centuries. ... All of these precautions became obsolete with the widespread use of gunpowder in the 14th and 15th centuries, and castles became simply country residences for the nobility."
[1]
[1]: (Jesse 1995, 181) Scott Jesse. Castles. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon. |
||||||
|
According to Miksic the Majapahit capital did not seem to have any sort of defensive perimeter.
[1]
This does not mean that no town or fort in Majapahit had any type of defensive fortification. Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include ’fortress’ and ’siege’.
[2]
[1]: (Miksic 2000, 115) [2]: (Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi. |
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|
Technology not yet available
|
||||||
|
Technology not yet available
|
||||||
|
Technology not yet available
|
||||||
|
Not developed until later in history.
|
||||||
|
Technology not yet available
|
||||||
|
An example is the fortress-basilica of Loreto, erected over the course of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The basilica to the Holy House of Loreto was surrounded by a modern fortress with artillery embankments and watchtowers.
|
||||||
|
for the largest armies 20-25 miles per day. Theodore Dodge’s Caesar: A History of The Art of War (1900). EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://seshat.info/File:DodgeHow.jpg
|
||||||
|
for the largest armies 20-25 miles per day. Theodore Dodge’s Caesar: A History of The Art of War (1900). EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://seshat.info/File:DodgeHow.jpg
|
||||||
|
"Venice’s strategy of defense of its overseas territories was based on fortified cities and system of forts, provided with victuals and ammunition that were meant to enable resistance of long sieges (up to two years) until reinforcement arrived by sea. ... changes in military technology, especially the more effective use of artillery, necessitated a renewal of the systems of defense."
[1]
[1]: (Arbel 2014, 206) Benjamin Arbel. Venice’s Maritime Empire in the Early Modern Period. Eric Dursteler. ed. 2014. A Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797. BRILL. Leiden. |
||||||
|
"Venice’s strategy of defense of its overseas territories was based on fortified cities and system of forts, provided with victuals and ammunition that were meant to enable resistance of long sieges (up to two years) until reinforcement arrived by sea. ... changes in military technology, especially the more effective use of artillery, necessitated a renewal of the systems of defense."
[1]
[1]: (Arbel 2014, 206) Benjamin Arbel. Venice’s Maritime Empire in the Early Modern Period. Eric Dursteler. ed. 2014. A Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797. BRILL. Leiden. |
||||||
|
‘Previously castles had been little more than temporary fortifications of hilltops, but Father Frois’ description of Nobunaga at work on his Nijo castle in 157 5 makes it clear that by the Momoyama period, they were built to last and to resist attacks by firearms.’
[1]
‘although the palatial castles of the Azuchi-Momoyama period were erected with defense against gunfire in mind, they were primarily a setting for daimyo displays of military and political power.’
[2]
[1]: Mason, Richard Henry Pitt. 1997. A History of Japan: Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing.p.185 [2]: Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.286. |
||||||
|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
|
||||||
|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
|
||||||
|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
|
||||||
|
no evidence of these type of fortifications, but no source explicitly saying they were absent
|
||||||
|
not possible at this time
|
||||||
|
’The initial move seems to have been to Srei Santhor, about 30 km (19 miles) northeast of Phnom Penh, at some time in the fourteenth century; then, briefly, to Phnom Penh itself. By about 1528, the Cambodian court under its first great Post-Angkorian king, Ang Chan I, had moved once and for all to the all to the Quatre Bras region, establishing a new capital at Lovek (Longvek), on the right bank of the Tonle Sap River, 50 km (30 miles) north of Phnom Penh. Love, like Udong and Phnom Penh- the town s that succeeded it as the capital- was thoroughly international, with foreign quarters for Malay, Japanese, and Chinese traders (there were as many as 3,000 of the last in the 1540s). There Ang Chan (who really did exist) built a golden palace and at least four major wats, erecting a huge, four-faced Buddha of wood, the stone foundation of which survive in one of the town’s vicars. The capital was fortified by earthen ramparts topped with palisades; these ramparts, which form a huge rectangle, are still visible.’
[1]
[1]: (Coe 2003, pp. 208-209) |
||||||
|
’The 7th century appears in the inscriptions as a time of relative prosperity, and the near absence of fortifications may indicate that warfare was rare, and not very destructive when it occurred. Even when impressive city walls were built, at Angkor Borei, increasingly viewed as a possible site for the capital of the Funan, there is archaeological opinion that they were for water control in the city, not for protection from attack.’
[1]
[1]: (Vickery 1998, 317) |
||||||
|
Not in use until much later.
|
||||||
|
The Xiongnu could not have had modern, canon fitted forts at this time
|
||||||
|
Gunpowder not yet invented.
|
||||||
|
Gunpowder not yet invented.
Other technologies |
||||||
|
Gunpowder not yet invented or introduced.
Other technologies |
||||||
|
Modern fortifications were not present in prehispanic times.
[1]
[1]: Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. |
||||||
|
Gunpowder not yet invented.
|
||||||
|
Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology.
|
||||||
|
Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology.
|
||||||
|
This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
|
||||||
|
Nausharo was occupied in pre-modern times.
|
||||||
|
not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with warfare
|
||||||
|
No references in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Cannon equipped reinforced star forts are not yet in use
|
||||||
|
Technology not yet available
|
||||||
|
Cannon equipped reinforced star forts are not yet in use
|
||||||
|
too early for this polity
|
||||||
|
Although cannons were present, it does not appear to be a star fort, which is too late for this period anyhow ‘Aden was heavily fortified. There was a string of fortresses along the top of the mountain ^ ... He also mentions that there were two towers on Huqqat bay equiped with artillery and a catapult.^’
[1]
[1]: Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, p. 180, Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/ |
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|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
