Section: Projectiles
Variable: Sling Siege Engine (All coded records)
The absence or presence of sling_siege_engines as a military technology used in warfare. E.g., trebuchet, innclude mangonels here  
Sling Siege Engine
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Rum Sultanate absent Confident Expert 1077 CE 1187 CE
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


2 French Kingdom - Late Capetian absent Confident Expert 1150 CE 1199 CE
Simon de Montford’s stone throwing trebuchets. [1] [2] First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [2]

[1]: (Nicolle 1991, 15)

[2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


3 Rum Sultanate unknown Suspected Expert 1188 CE 1199 CE
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


4 Rum Sultanate present Inferred Expert 1200 CE 1299 CE
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


5 French Kingdom - Late Capetian present Confident Expert 1200 CE 1328 CE
Simon de Montford’s stone throwing trebuchets. [1] [2] First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [2]

[1]: (Nicolle 1991, 15)

[2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


6 Mongol Empire absent Confident Expert 1206 CE 1271 CE
The propulsion mechanism of Mongolian siege engines utilized tension not gravity until "the extent of the Mongol conquests allowed them to bring new siege weapons to China, of which the most important was the Muslim counterweight trebuchet, first used at Xiangyang in 1272." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


7 Mongol Empire present Confident Expert 1272 CE 1368 CE
The propulsion mechanism of Mongolian siege engines utilized tension not gravity until "the extent of the Mongol conquests allowed them to bring new siege weapons to China, of which the most important was the Muslim counterweight trebuchet, first used at Xiangyang in 1272." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


8 Rum Sultanate present Confident Expert 1300 CE 1307 CE
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


9 French Kingdom - Late Valois present Inferred Expert 1450 CE 1487 CE
"The final use of the trebuchet in Europe was probably the siege of Malaga in 1487."(Castile and Aragon vs Emirate of Granada). [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


10 French Kingdom - Late Valois absent Confident Expert 1488 CE 1589 CE
"The final use of the trebuchet in Europe was probably the siege of Malaga in 1487."(Castile and Aragon vs Emirate of Granada). [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


11 Kidarite Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


12 Canaan absent Confident Expert -
-
13 Yisrael unknown Confident Expert -
-
14 Yemen - Era of Warlords absent Inferred Expert -
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1] Abbasids had the manjaniq, a swing beam engine similar to the Western Trebuchet. [2] but the Manjaniq was man-powered not gravity powered. [3]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Kennedy 2001, 184) Hugh N Kennedy. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy

[3]: (Nicolle 2003, 14) Nicolle, David. 2003. Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526. Osprey Publishing.


15 Yemen Ziyad Dynasty absent Inferred Expert -
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1] Abbasids had the manjaniq, a swing beam engine similar to the Western Trebuchet. [2] but the Manjaniq was man-powered not gravity powered. [3]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Kennedy 2001, 184) Hugh N Kennedy. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy

[3]: (Nicolle 2003, 14) Nicolle, David. 2003. Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526. Osprey Publishing.


16 Jin absent Inferred Expert -
first known use of gravity powered siege engine was under Byzantines, just under two thousand years after this period.
17 Longshan absent Confident Expert -
Earliest references to siege weaponry is in the Warring States period [1]

[1]: (Liang 2005)


18 Great Ming present Inferred Expert -
"Counter-weight trebuchet at Xiangyang, China 1272." [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


19 Peiligang absent Confident Expert -
Earliest references to siege weaponry are from the Warring States Period [1]

[1]: (Liang 2005)


20 Late Shang absent Confident Expert -
Siege weaponry not present until Warring States period [1]

[1]: (Liang 2005)


21 Tang Dynasty II present Confident Disputed Expert -
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Peers 2002, 17)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


22 Western Zhou absent Inferred Expert -
first known use of gravity powered siege engine was under Byzantines, just under two thousand years after this period.
23 Yangshao absent Confident Expert -
Earliest references to siege weaponry are from the Warring States Period [1]

[1]: (Liang 2005)


24 Great Yuan present Confident Expert -
"Counter-weight trebuchet at Xiangyang, China 1272." [1] 1272 CE Mongols "constructed platforms for the new "Muslim" (huihui) trebuchets" [2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Lorge 2005, 85)


25 Shuar - Colonial absent Confident Expert -
the sources mention machetes, rifles and arrows but to the best of our knowledge no other weapons were used at the time
26 Badarian absent Confident Expert -
not yet invented
27 Egypt - Dynasty I absent Confident Expert -
not yet developed
28 Egypt - Dynasty II absent Confident Expert -
not yet developed
29 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III present Confident Expert -
Counter-weight mangonel/trebuchet common from 13th Century. [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 1996, 159-181)


30 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II present Confident Expert -
Counter-weight mangonel/trebuchet common from 13th Century. [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 1996, 159-181)


31 Egypt - Middle Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
not present during this time period
32 Naqada I absent Confident Expert -
not yet invented
33 Egypt - Dynasty 0 absent Confident Expert -
not yet developed
34 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period absent Confident Expert -
not yet developed
35 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period absent Confident Expert -
not yet developed
36 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
not yet developed
37 Egypt - Period of the Regions absent Confident Expert -
not present during this time period
38 Egypt - Saite Period absent Confident Expert -
gravity-powered counter-weight trebuchet first used by Byzantines in 1165 CE.
39 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period absent Confident Expert -
not invented at this time
40 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period absent Confident Expert -
not yet developed
41 Chuuk - Early Truk absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature. This is interpreted as evidence of absence because this is a culture of low complexity for warfare technology.
42 Atlantic Complex absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
43 Beaker Culture absent Inferred Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
44 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon absent Inferred Expert -
Absent in previous and subsequent periods.
45 Carolingian Empire I absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


46 Hallstatt A-B1 absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
47 Hallstatt B2-3 absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
48 Hallstatt C absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
49 Hallstatt D absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
50 Early Merovingian present Inferred Expert -
Various types of siege engines were used in Merovingian warfare. [1]

[1]: (Bachrach 1972, 128)


51 Middle Merovingian present Inferred Expert -
Various types of siege engines were used in Merovingian warfare. [1]

[1]: (Bachrach 1972, 128)


52 Akan - Pre-Ashanti absent Confident Expert -
-
53 Ashanti Empire absent Confident Expert -
-
54 Archaic Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
55 Classical Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
56 Final Postpalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
57 Geometric Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
58 Monopalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
59 Neolithic Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
60 New Palace Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
61 Old Palace Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
62 Postpalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
63 Prepalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
64 Hawaii III absent Confident Expert -
-
65 Iban - Pre-Brooke absent Confident Expert -
-
66 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial absent Confident Expert -
-
67 Java - Buni Culture absent Confident Expert -
-
68 Early A'chik absent Confident Expert -
-
69 Late A'chik absent Confident Expert -
-
70 Gahadavala Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
-
71 Gupta Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
72 Kampili Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
-
73 Vijayanagara Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
74 Ubaid absent Confident Expert -
-
75 Ur - Dynasty III absent Confident Expert -
-
76 Ak Koyunlu unknown Suspected Expert -
-
77 Qajar unknown Suspected Expert -
-
78 La Tene C2-D absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature RA.
79 Hellenistic Crete absent Confident Expert -
Used on ships. "The militarization of naval warfare is also illustrated by the mounting of artillery aboard ship" [1]

[1]: Lloyd, A B in Shaw, I. 2000. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, 398.


80 Hawaii II absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press.


81 Mataram Sultanate present Inferred Expert -
Stones thrown at enemy. [1]

[1]: (Schrieke 1957, 124)


82 Yehuda absent Confident Expert -
Not known outside of China until the 6th Century CE.
83 Kingdom of Ayodhya absent Confident Expert -
First historically known sling siege engines used by the Byzantine Empire.
84 Chalukyas of Badami absent Confident Expert -
Byzantines, or perhaps the Chinese, were the first.
85 Chalukyas of Kalyani absent Confident Expert -
First used by the Byzantines or perhaps the Chinese.
86 Post-Mauryan Kingdoms absent Confident Expert -
Much later, Byzantines or possibly Chinese were the first to use sling siege engines
87 Hoysala Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
Unknown: temple reliefs, the main source for information on Hoysala warfare, "provide no information, however, on how forts were attacked." [1]

[1]: (Sardar 2007, p. 32


88 Mahajanapada era absent Confident Expert -
Introduced later. [1]

[1]: DeVries, Kelly. "siege engines." In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001.


89 Rashtrakuta Empire absent Confident Expert -
First used by the Byzantines or perhaps the Chinese.
90 Satavahana Empire absent Confident Expert -
Much later, Byzantines or possibly Chinese were the first to use sling siege engines
91 Akkadian Empire absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
92 Early Dynastic absent Inferred Expert -
This type of engine is known from ancient time, and the first evidence came from 4th century BC. [1]

[1]: Campbel 2003,3, 8.


93 Neo-Assyrian Empire absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
94 Uruk absent Inferred Expert -
This type of engine is known from ancient time, and the first evidence came from 4th century BC. [1]

[1]: Campbel 2003,3, 8.


95 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
96 Elam - Awan Dynasty I absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
97 Elam - Crisis Period absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
98 Formative Period absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
99 Susiana A absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
100 Susiana B absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
101 Susiana - Late Ubaid absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
102 Susiana - Early Ubaid absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
103 Elam - Kidinuid Period absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
104 Elam - Shutrukid Period absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
105 Elam I absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
106 Elam III absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
107 Parthian Empire II absent Confident Expert -
First known use during Byzantine Empire.
108 Pre-Ceramic Period absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
109 Sasanid Empire II absent Confident Expert -
-
110 Ostrogothic Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
-
111 Papal States - Early Modern Period I absent Confident Expert -
-
112 Papal States - Early Modern Period II absent Confident Expert -
-
113 Papal States - Renaissance Period present Confident Expert -
-
114 Exarchate of Ravenna absent Confident Expert -
-
115 Early Roman Republic unknown Suspected Expert -
-
116 Late Roman Republic absent Confident Expert -
-
117 Middle Roman Republic absent Confident Expert -
-
118 Roman Empire - Principate absent Confident Expert -
-
119 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity absent Confident Expert -
-
120 Republic of St Peter I absent Confident Expert -
-
121 Phoenician Empire absent Confident Expert -
-
122 Saadi Sultanate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
123 Jenne-jeno I absent Confident Expert -
-
124 Jenne-jeno II absent Confident Expert -
-
125 Jenne-jeno III absent Confident Expert -
-
126 Jenne-jeno IV absent Confident Expert -
-
127 Mali Empire absent Confident Expert -
-
128 Segou Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
129 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
-
130 Early Mongols absent Confident Expert -
-
131 Zungharian Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
132 Later Wagadu Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
133 Middle Wagadu Empire absent Confident Expert -
-
134 Early Monte Alban I absent Confident Expert -
-
135 Monte Alban Late I absent Confident Expert -
-
136 Monte Alban II absent Confident Expert -
-
137 Monte Alban III absent Confident Expert -
-
138 Monte Alban IIIB and IV absent Confident Expert -
-
139 Sasanid Empire I absent Confident Expert -
First known use during Byzantine Empire.
140 Elam - Shimashki Period absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
141 Elam - Early Sukkalmah absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
142 Susa I absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
143 Susa III absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
144 Latium - Bronze Age absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
145 Latium - Iron Age absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
146 Papal States - High Medieval Period present Inferred Expert -
Simon de Montford’s stone throwing trebuchets were present at this time - were they used by the Papal State? [1]

[1]: (Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 15)


147 Asuka absent Confident Expert -
Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
148 Heian unknown Suspected Expert -
Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
149 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
150 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
151 Japan - Middle Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
152 Japan - Final Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
153 Kansai - Kofun Period unknown Suspected Expert -
Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
154 OOpsian absent Inferred Expert -
Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
155 Kara-Khanids absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


156 Classical Angkor absent Confident Expert -
Catapults were not gravity powered.
157 Chenla absent Inferred Expert -
No references in the literature. RA.
158 Funan I absent Inferred Expert -
No references in the literature.
159 Funan II unknown Suspected Expert -
No references in the literature.
160 Andronovo absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


161 Late Mongols present Inferred Expert -
The last Yuan emperor Toghon Temur returned to Mongolia and established the capital of his new Mongol state ("which extended from Manchuria to Kyrgystan") at Karakorum. At that time the MilTech codes would be the same as for the preceding Yuan China. Over the next decades the state lost territory and there was civil war at the start of the 15th century although in 1409 CE they still managed to rout a very large invading Ming army. The Ming attacked again but the Mongols were not conquered. Under an Oirat noble called Esen (1440-1455 CE) they invaded China in 1449 CE with 20,000 cavalry and captured the Ming emperor. In 1451 CE Esen overthrew the Mongol Khan but he wasn’t a direct descendent of Genghis Khan and was killed during a 1455 CE rebellion. His rule was followed by minor Khans who ruled a Mongolia in which the Khalkhas were one of three ’left-flank’ tumens (in addition to Chahars and Uriangqais). The state also had ’right-flank’ tumens (Ordos, Tumeds, Yunshebus) and the Oirats of western Mongolia. "These 6 tumens were major administrative units, often called ulus tumens (princedoms), comprising the 40 lesser tumens of the military-administrative type inherited from the Yuan period, each of which was reputedly composed of 10,000 cavalry troops ..." [1] The narrative suggests at least for 1400 CE and 1500 CE the army was cavalry based and in continuity with the preceding Yuan. The Yuan Dyansty is coded present for sling siege engines. "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Ishjamts 2003, 208-211) N Ishjamts. 2003. The Mongols. Chahryar Adle. Irfan Habib. Karl M Baipakov. eds. History Of Civilizations Of Central Asia. Volume V. Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO Publishing. Paris.

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


162 Rouran Khaganate absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


163 Second Turk Khaganate absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


164 Early Xiongnu absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


165 Late Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
-
166 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
-
167 Oaxaca - Rosario absent Confident Expert -
-
168 Oaxaca - San Jose absent Confident Expert -
-
169 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas absent Confident Expert -
-
170 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial absent Confident Expert -
-
171 Orokaiva - Colonial absent Confident Expert -
-
172 Indo-Greek Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
-
173 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Suspected Expert -
-
174 Late Cappadocia unknown Suspected Expert -
-
175 Lysimachus Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
176 Ottoman Empire II present Confident Expert -
-
177 Roman Empire - Dominate absent Confident Expert -
-
178 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling absent Confident Expert -
-
179 Cahokia - Moorehead absent Confident Expert -
-
180 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early absent Confident Expert -
-
181 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late absent Confident Expert -
-
182 Cahokia - Early Woodland absent Confident Expert -
-
183 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II absent Confident Expert -
-
184 Cahokia - Late Woodland II absent Confident Expert -
-
185 Cahokia - Middle Woodland absent Confident Expert -
-
186 Cahokia - Late Woodland III absent Confident Expert -
-
187 Cahokia - Late Woodland I absent Confident Expert -
-
188 Cahokia - Sand Prairie absent Confident Expert -
-
189 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I absent Confident Expert -
-
190 Oneota absent Confident Expert -
-
191 Chagatai Khanate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
192 Khanate of Bukhara unknown Suspected Expert -
-
193 Rasulid Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
-
194 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II absent Confident Expert -
Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology.
195 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II absent Confident Expert -
This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
196 Inca Empire absent Confident Expert -
This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
197 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Inferred as occurred later [1]

[1]: ( DeVries, Kelly. "siege engines." In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).


198 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period absent Confident Expert -
Inferred as occurred later [1]

[1]: ( DeVries, Kelly. "siege engines." In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).


199 Sind - Samma Dynasty present Confident Expert -
The manjaniq, a swing beam engine similiar to the Western trebuchet. [1]

[1]: Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs p. 184


200 Sakha - Early absent Confident Expert -
not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with weapons and armor
201 Sakha - Late absent Confident Expert -
not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with weapons and armor
202 Egypt - Kushite Period absent Confident Expert -
not yet developed
203 Sarazm absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


204 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
205 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
206 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
207 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
208 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
209 Hatti - New Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
210 Hatti - Old Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
211 Kingdom of Lydia absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
212 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
213 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
214 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Not invented yet
215 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
216 Phrygian Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
217 Tabal Kingdoms absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
218 Ancient Khwarazm absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


219 Koktepe I absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


220 Sogdiana - City-States Period absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


221 Ghur Principality unknown Suspected Expert -
Likely. Ghaznavid and Ghurid armies: "an array of missiles, ’fire-eyed rockets’, slinging and stoning machines which were used in siege operations." [1]

[1]: (Wink 1997, 90) Andre Wink. 1997. Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume II: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th-13th Centuries. BRILL. Leiden.


222 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


223 Hephthalites absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


224 Kushan Empire absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


225 Tocharians absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


226 Eastern Han Empire present Confident Disputed Expert -
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder" [1] "Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders." [2] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [3]

[1]: (Graff 2002, 23)

[2]: (Peers 1995, 20)

[3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


227 Eastern Han Empire absent Confident Disputed Expert -
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder" [1] "Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders." [2] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [3]

[1]: (Graff 2002, 23)

[2]: (Peers 1995, 20)

[3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


228 Western Jin present Confident Disputed Expert -
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder" [1] "Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders." [2] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [3]

[1]: (Graff 2002, 23)

[2]: (Peers 1995, 20)

[3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


229 Western Jin absent Confident Disputed Expert -
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder" [1] "Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders." [2] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [3]

[1]: (Graff 2002, 23)

[2]: (Peers 1995, 20)

[3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


230 Jin Dynasty present Confident Disputed Expert -
"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


231 Jin Dynasty absent Confident Disputed Expert -
"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


232 Northern Song present Confident Disputed Expert -
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Peers 2002, 17)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


233 The Emirate of Crete present Confident Expert -
[1] [2]

[1]: Κόλλιας, Τ., Τεχνολογία και Πόλεμος στο Βυζάντιο, 2005

[2]: Mc Geer, E., Sowing the Dragons Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century, Washington D.C., 1995.


234 Northern Song absent Confident Disputed Expert -
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Peers 2002, 17)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


235 Northern Wei present Confident Disputed Expert -
"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


236 Tairona absent Confident Expert -
No discussion in literature of this. In this case it is evidence of absence since this is in line with logical expectations for this late-complexity society.
237 Northern Wei absent Confident Disputed Expert -
"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


238 Sui Dynasty present Confident Disputed Expert -
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Peers 2002, 17)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


239 Sui Dynasty absent Confident Disputed Expert -
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Peers 2002, 17)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


240 Tang Dynasty I present Confident Disputed Expert -
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Peers 2002, 17)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


241 Tang Dynasty I absent Confident Disputed Expert -
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Peers 2002, 17)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


242 Tang Dynasty II absent Confident Disputed Expert -
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams." [1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Peers 2002, 17)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


243 Early Wei Dynasty present Confident Disputed Expert -
Mohist catapults used during the Warring States period, they were "based on the lever principle, which was already a known concept and in wide use as in the counterbalanced bucket." [1] Note: use of gravity makes it sling? "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Liang)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


244 Early Wei Dynasty absent Confident Disputed Expert -
Mohist catapults used during the Warring States period, they were "based on the lever principle, which was already a known concept and in wide use as in the counterbalanced bucket." [1] Note: use of gravity makes it sling? "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [2]

[1]: (Liang)

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


245 Western Han Empire present Confident Disputed Expert -
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder" [1] "Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders." [2] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [3]

[1]: (Graff 2002, 23)

[2]: (Peers 1995, 20)

[3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


246 Hawaii I absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press.


247 Kalingga Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include ’fortress’ and ’siege’. [1]

[1]: (Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.


248 Western Han Empire absent Confident Disputed Expert -
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder" [1] "Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders." [2] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." [3]

[1]: (Graff 2002, 23)

[2]: (Peers 1995, 20)

[3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


249 Neguanje absent Confident Expert -
No discussion in literature of this. In this case it is evidence of absence since this is in line with logical expectations for this late-complexity society.
250 Shuar - Ecuadorian absent Confident Expert -
the sources mention machetes, rifles and arrows but to the best of our knowledge no other weapons were used at the time
251 Ayyubid Sultanate unknown Suspected Expert -
Were petraries at the Siege of Jerusalem 1187 CE tension or gravity powered? First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon. [1] Need to confirm with an expert source whether a scholar named Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi created an "instruction manual" on the counter-weight trebuchet for Saladin (Ayyubid Sultanate) in 1187 CE. It’s logical copies would soon be made of this effective new technology.

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


252 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I present Confident Expert -
Counter-weight mangonel/trebuchet common from 13th Century. [1] 92 counter-weight trebuchets destroyed crusader stronghold Acre in 1291 CE. [2]

[1]: (Nicolle 1996, 159-181)

[2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


253 Naqada II absent Confident Expert -
not yet developed
254 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
not present during this time period
255 Ptolemaic Kingdom I present Confident Expert -
Used on ships. "The militarization of naval warfare is also illustrated by the mounting of artillery aboard ship" [1] Catapaults Lycopolis (-196bc). Rosetta Stone. Catapults were used. Also studied in Alexandria: Philo; Belopoecca. [2]

[1]: (Lloyd 2000, 398)

[2]: (Manning 2015, Personal Communication)


256 Ptolemaic Kingdom II present Confident Expert -
Used on ships. "The militarization of naval warfare is also illustrated by the mounting of artillery aboard ship" [1] Catapaults Lycopolis (-196bc). Rosetta Stone. Catapults were used. Also studied in Alexandria: Philo; Belopoecca. [2]

[1]: (Lloyd 2000, 398)

[2]: (Manning 2015, Personal Communication)


257 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period present Inferred Expert -
Present for Abbasid Caliphate: The manjaniq, a swing beam engine similiar to the Western Trebuchet. [1]

[1]: Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs p. 184


258 Chuuk - Late Truk absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature. This is interpreted as evidence of absence because this is a culture of low complexity for warfare technology.
259 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Parrott 2012, 62) David Parrott. Armed Forces. William Doyle. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


260 Proto-French Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


261 Carolingian Empire II absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


262 Proto-Carolingian present Inferred Expert -
Various types of siege engines were used in Merovingian warfare. [1]

[1]: (Bachrach 1972, 128)


263 La Tene A-B1 absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
264 La Tene B2-C1 absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
265 French Kingdom - Early Valois present Confident Expert -
Simon de Montford’s stone throwing trebuchets. [1] [2] First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [2] "The final use of the trebuchet in Europe was probably the siege of Malaga in 1487."(Castile and Aragon vs Emirate of Granada). [2]

[1]: (Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 15)

[2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


266 Umayyad Caliphate present Confident Expert -
The manjaniq, a swing beam engine similiar to the Western Trebuchet. [1]

[1]: (Kennedy 2001, 184)


267 Kediri Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include ’fortress’ and ’siege’. [1]

[1]: (Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.


268 Majapahit Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include ’fortress’ and ’siege’. [1]

[1]: (Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.


269 Medang Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include ’fortress’ and ’siege’. [1]

[1]: (Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.


270 Deccan - Iron Age absent Confident Expert -
Much later, Byzantines or possibly Chinese were the first to use sling siege engines
271 Deccan - Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Much later, Byzantines or possibly Chinese were the first to use sling siege engines
272 Delhi Sultanate present Confident Expert -
The siege engines are not fully described in the historical texts, but they were used in battles to throw large balls, naphtha and fireworks. [1]

[1]: Qureshi, I. H. (1971). The administration of the Sultanate of Delhi (p. 93). Oriental Books Reprint Corporation; exclusively distributed by Munshiram Manoharlal, pp.145-146.


273 Kadamba Empire absent Confident Expert -
Byzantines or perhaps Chinese first used gravity-powered sling machines.
274 Magadha - Maurya Empire absent Confident Expert -
First historically known sling siege engines used by the Byzantine Empire.
275 Mughal Empire present Confident Expert -
"Aside from the massive cannon and mortars, a number of more old-fashioned weapons were also present at sieges. Catapults and trebuchets remained in Indian siege trains for decades after Babur’s invasion. A few distinct advantages saved them from immediate obsolescence. They were inexpensive and could be easily broken down for transport and assembled in the field. Like mortars they sent missiles on a high trajectory, ideal for indirect fire. They could also be loaded with ammunition too fragile to be fired from a cannon—gunpowder bombs and canisters of incendiary or caustic chemicals." [1] (KB: Added present code as trebuchet is sling siege engine according to codebook)

[1]: (De la Garza 2010, p. 123)


276 Vakataka Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
Byzantines, or perhaps the Chinese, were the first.
277 Abbasid Caliphate I absent Inferred Expert -
Abbasids had the manjaniq, a swing beam engine similiar to the Western Trebuchet. [1] Manjaniq was man-powered not gravity powered? [2] First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [3]

[1]: Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs p. 184

[2]: (Nicolle 2003, 14) Nicolle, David. 2003. Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526. Osprey Publishing.

[3]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


278 Abbasid Caliphate II present Confident Expert -
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon. [1] Need to confirm with an expert source whether a scholar named Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi created an "instruction manual" on the counter-weight trebuchet for Saladin (Ayyubid Sultanate) in 1187 CE. It’s logical copies would soon be made of this effective new technology.

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


279 Neo-Babylonian Empire present Confident Uncertain Expert -
The Babylonian Chronicles detail the fall of Assyria. They state that the king of Akkad (Babylonia) bought siege engines against the city of Rahilu, but it does not specify what kind of siege engine. [1]

[1]: Liverani, M. 2011. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.538


280 Neo-Babylonian Empire absent Confident Uncertain Expert -
The Babylonian Chronicles detail the fall of Assyria. They state that the king of Akkad (Babylonia) bought siege engines against the city of Rahilu, but it does not specify what kind of siege engine. [1]

[1]: Liverani, M. 2011. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.538


281 Achaemenid Empire absent Confident Expert -
Counter-weight trebuchet first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
282 Buyid Confederation absent Inferred Expert -
Abbasids had the manjaniq, a swing beam engine similiar to the Western Trebuchet. [1] Manjaniq was man-powered not gravity powered? [2] First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [3]

[1]: Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs p. 184

[2]: (Nicolle 2003, 14) Nicolle, David. 2003. Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526. Osprey Publishing.

[3]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


283 Elymais II absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE was at the Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


284 Ilkhanate present Confident Expert -
Mangonels used in siege warfare. [1] Mongols recruited 1, 000 Chinese catapult operators in 1253. [2]

[1]: David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, rev. and updated ed (London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999). p.296

[2]: Findley, Carter V., The Turks in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005),p.83.


285 Elam - Igihalkid Period absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
286 Elam II absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
287 Parthian Empire I absent Confident Expert -
First known use during Byzantine Empire.
288 Safavid Empire present Inferred Expert -
At Shamakhi 1606 CE "siege engines, cannon, horses, and pack animals" [1]

[1]: (Farrokh 2011) Farrokh, Kevin. 2011. Iran at War: 1500-1988. Osprey Publishing.


289 Seleucids absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet is in 1165 CE at the Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


290 Seljuk Sultanate absent Inferred Expert -
"A fragment of a wall painting depicting the use of a traction trebuchet at the siege of Penjikent (700-725) in modern Tajikistan. This unique painting is contemporary with Tang China, displaying how the traction trebuchet was used along the Silk Road." [1] First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


291 Elam - Late Sukkalmah absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
292 Susa II absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
293 Icelandic Commonwealth absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Axel Kristissen; Arni D Juliusson pers. comm. 2017


294 Latium - Copper Age absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
295 Rome - Republic of St Peter II present Confident Expert -
There are no sources on the use of sling siege engines within the Patrimony, but they were in use by Western European armies by 1198.
296 Roman Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
297 Republic of Venice III present Inferred Expert -
General reference for medieval warfare: "catapults and other siege engines". [1]

[1]: (Gaier 2010, 76) Claude Gaier. Arms Industry and Trade. Clifford J. Rogers. ed. 2010. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


298 Republic of Venice IV present Inferred Expert -
General reference for medieval warfare: "catapults and other siege engines". [1]

[1]: (Gaier 2010, 76) Claude Gaier. Arms Industry and Trade. Clifford J. Rogers. ed. 2010. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


299 Ashikaga Shogunate absent Confident Expert -
traction trebuchets were powered by human muscle not gravity. "Japan appears never to have adopted the counterweight trebuchet, making the leap direct from traction trebuchets to cannon, although even these saw little use until the very end of the age of the samurai." [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


300 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama absent Confident Expert -
"Japan appears never to have adopted the counterweight trebuchet, making the leap direct from traction trebuchets to cannon, although even these saw little use until the very end of the age of the samurai." [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


301 Japan - Early Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
302 Japan - Late Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
303 Kamakura Shogunate absent Confident Expert -
traction trebuchets were not gravity powered like the counter-weight trebuchet.
304 Nara Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
305 Warring States Japan absent Confident Expert -
traction trebuchets were powered by human muscle not gravity. "Japan appears never to have adopted the counterweight trebuchet, making the leap direct from traction trebuchets to cannon, although even these saw little use until the very end of the age of the samurai." [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


306 Tokugawa Shogunate absent Confident Expert -
trebuchets used were not gravity powered counter-weight trebuchets. "Japan appears never to have adopted the counterweight trebuchet, making the leap direct from traction trebuchets to cannon, although even these saw little use until the very end of the age of the samurai." [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


307 Western Turk Khaganate absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


308 Early Angkor absent Confident Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h (2007 [1979]) discusses the royal army and its weapons examining the bas-reliefs of three temples: Angkor Wat, the Bayon, and Banteay Chhmar. The bas-reliefs of Agkor Wat depict the conquests of Suryavarman II (1113-c. 1150 CE), while those at the Bayon and Banteay Chhmar depict the conquests of Jayavarman VII (1181-c. 1218 CE). Thus, the detailed bas-reliefs of these three temples allows the scholar to examine Khmer military history spanning roughly one hundred years. Unfortunately, Jacq-Hergoualc’h does not make explicit (or quantify) the evolutionary changes over this time period. The earlier military technology at Angkor Wat depicts ’the most basic weapons, essentially lances, bows and arrows, and bucklers, sometimes in tandem with breastplates’ (Jacq-Hergoualc’h 2007: 173). As noted by Coe (2003: 186), ’[f]ar more sophisticated armament is to be seen on the Bayon and at Banteay Chhmar, especially among the infantry. This includes the ballista, mounted either on elephant back or on a wheeled vehicle that could be rolled onto the field of battle [...].’ According to Jacq-Hergoualc’h (2007: 35), none of these ’big machines’ are present on the bas-reliefs of Angkor Wat, the construction of which (c. 1113-1145 CE) pre-dates the great battles with the Chams during the reign of Jayavarman VII (beginning in c. 1181 CE). Furthermore, the emphasis on horses diminished and chariots were abandoned in favor of a more developed and elaborate corps of elephants surrounded by infantry.
309 Late Angkor present Confident Expert -
Catapults. ’The permanent guard maintained at the capital was probably better. Relief sculpture portrays guards wearing helmets wrought with elaborate motifs; door guards wearing helmets wrought with elaborate motifs; door guardians carrying ceremonial weapons, their points protected by covers; sentinels carry lances, swords and shields. Ordinary soldiers carried lances in their right hands and shields in their left. The arsenal included sabres, swords, shields, broadswords, daggers, catapults and other contrivances.’ [1]

[1]: (Mabbett and Chandler 1995, p.157)


310 Ayutthaya present Inferred Expert -
Tension siege engines do not feature among the "personal weapons" mentioned in Charney’s [1] comprehensive summary of Southeast Asian military technology and organisation between the early modern period and the nineteenth century, or indeed in his descriptions of sieges where the Thai were the attackers. However, previous polity did have sling siege engines.

[1]: (Charney 2004)


311 Khmer Kingdom present Confident Expert -
Catapults. ’The permanent guard maintained at the capital was probably better. Relief sculpture portrays guards wearing helmets wrought with elaborate motifs; door guards wearing helmets wrought with elaborate motifs; door guardians carrying ceremonial weapons, their points protected by covers; sentinels carry lances, swords and shields. Ordinary soldiers carried lances in their right hands and shields in their left. The arsenal included sabres, swords, shields, broadswords, daggers, catapults and other contrivances.’ [1]

[1]: (Mabbett and Chandler 1995, p.157)


312 Eastern Turk Khaganate absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


313 Khitan I absent Inferred Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1] . However, it is noted that Khitan were involved in sieges: "The Khitan first attacked Goryeo in 993 with subsequent invasions following in 1010 and 1018, all ending in defeat. One of the major battle sites was Heunghwajin. The Khitan laid siege to the fortress there three times...". [2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: Michael D. Shin (ed.), Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 42


314 Shiwei absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


315 Uigur Khaganate absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


316 Xianbei Confederation absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


317 Late Xiongnu absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


318 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


319 Monte Alban V absent Confident Expert -
Complex military technology was not present in the Valley of Oaxaca until after the Spanish conquest in the 1520s. [1]

[1]: Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.


320 Kingdom of Norway II absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Júlíusson and Kristissen, pers. comm. 2017


321 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I absent Confident Expert -
Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology.
322 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I absent Confident Expert -
This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
323 Cuzco - Late Formative absent Confident Expert -
Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology.
324 Wari Empire absent Confident Expert -
This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
325 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Inferred as occurred later [1]

[1]: ( DeVries, Kelly. "siege engines." In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).


326 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Inferred as occurred later [1]

[1]: ( DeVries, Kelly. "siege engines." In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).


327 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period absent Confident Expert -
There is no evidence for sling siege engines at Pirak. [1]

[1]: Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard.


328 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period present Confident Expert -
The manjaniq, a swing beam engine similar to the Western Trebuchet. [1]

[1]: Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs p. 184


329 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I absent Confident Expert -
No evidence for sling siege engines has been found from the Mature Harappan period. [1]

[1]: Cork, E. (2005) Peaceful Harappans? Reviewing the evidence for the absence of warfare in the Indus Civilisation of north-west India and Pakistan (c. 2500-1900 BC). Antiquity (79): 411-423.


330 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II absent Confident Expert -
No evidence for sling siege engines has been found from the Mature Harappan period. [1]

[1]: Cork, E. (2005) Peaceful Harappans? Reviewing the evidence for the absence of warfare in the Indus Civilisation of north-west India and Pakistan (c. 2500-1900 BC). Antiquity (79): 411-423.


331 Rattanakosin absent Inferred Expert -
Inferred from the fact that tension siege engines do not feature among the "personal weapons" mentioned in Charney’s [1] comprehensive summary of Southeast Asian military technology and organisation between the early modern period and the nineteenth century, or indeed in his descriptions of sieges where the Thai were the attackers.

[1]: (Charney 2004)


332 Fatimid Caliphate absent Confident Expert -
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


333 Byzantine Empire I absent Confident Expert -
Counter weight trebuchet almost certainly to have been used by the sieges of Zevgminom 1165 CE and Nicaea 1184 CE. The Byzantine Empire used two types of this trebuchet: bricola (gravity powered, single pole) and tresle-framed, or trebuchet. Helepoleis used at seige Laodicea 1104 CE, at Mylos, Aretai, Durazzo, Kastoria, Apollonias Dristra, Chios, Abydos. Alexios I possibly helped invent the helepolis and counter-weight trebuchet. [1] First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [2]

[1]: (Chevedden 2000, 75-82 [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291833])

[2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


334 Byzantine Empire II absent Confident Expert -
Counter weight trebuchet almost certainly to have been used by the sieges of Zevgminom 1165 CE and Nicaea 1184 CE. The Byzantine Empire used two types of this trebuchet: bricola (gravity powered, single pole) and tresle-framed, or trebuchet. Helepoleis used at seige Laodicea 1104 CE, at Mylos, Aretai, Durazzo, Kastoria, Apollonias Dristra, Chios, Abydos. Alexios I possibly helped invent the helepolis and counter-weight trebuchet. [1] First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [2]

[1]: (Chevedden 2000, 75-82 [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291833])

[2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


335 Byzantine Empire III present Confident Expert -
Counter weight trebuchet almost certainly to have been used by the sieges of Zevgminom 1165 CE and Nicaea 1184 CE. The Byzantine Empire used two types of this trebuchet: bricola (gravity powered, single pole) and tresle-framed, or trebuchet. Helepoleis used at seige Laodicea 1104 CE, at Mylos, Aretai, Durazzo, Kastoria, Apollonias Dristra, Chios, Abydos. Alexios I possibly helped invent the helepolis and counter-weight trebuchet. [1] First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [2]

[1]: (Chevedden 2000, 75-82 [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291833])

[2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


336 East Roman Empire absent Confident Expert -
Counter weight trebuchet almost certainly to have been used by the sieges of Zevgminom 1165 CE and Nicaea 1184 CE. The Byzantine Empire used two types of this trebuchet: bricola (gravity powered, single pole) and tresle-framed, or trebuchet. Helepoleis used at seige Laodicea 1104 CE, at Mylos, Aretai, Durazzo, Kastoria, Apollonias Dristra, Chios, Abydos. Alexios I possibly helped invent the helepolis and counter-weight trebuchet. [1] First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [2]

[1]: (Chevedden 2000, 75-82 [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291833])

[2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


337 Ottoman Emirate present Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.


338 Ottoman Empire I present Confident Expert -
Conventional siege weapons used at Siege of Constantinople 1422 CE. [1]

[1]: (Turnbull 2003, 31)


339 Early Illinois Confederation absent Inferred Expert -
Sources only mention bows and arrows, muskets, war-clubs, knives, and hatchets [1] . It should be noted that sources that specifically describe the way the Illinois Confederation waged war are relatively rare.

[1]: Illinois State Museum, The Illinois, Technology: Weapons (2000), http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_houses.html


340 Koktepe II absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


341 Samanid Empire absent Confident Expert -
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.


342 Timurid Empire present Inferred Expert -
Siege engines deployed at Urganch (1379 CE). [1]

[1]: (Marozzi 2004, 78) Marozzi, J. 2004. Tamerlane. HarperCollinsPublishers. London.


343 British Empire IIIIIIIIII present Confident Expert -
Coded present as they were used by indigenous forces under British command? Ed.
344 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
Mangonel used to destroy city walls [1] Changed to inferred on basis it is unknown if this is a true sling siege engine - but we believe it most likely is. Depending on the design it also might also qualify as a tension siege engine.

[1]: Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, pp. 57-62, Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/


345 Durrani Empire absent Confident Expert -
-
346 Early Qing absent Inferred Expert -
-
347 Late Qing unknown Suspected Expert -
-
348 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period absent Confident Expert -
-
349 Spanish Empire I absent Inferred Expert -
-
350 Erligang absent Confident Expert -
Siege weaponry not present until Warring States period [1]

[1]: (Liang 2005)


351 Erlitou absent Confident Expert -
Siege weaponry not present until Warring States period [1]

[1]: (Liang 2005)


352 Hmong - Early Chinese unknown Suspected Expert -
we need expert input in order to code this variable
353 Hmong - Late Qing unknown Suspected Expert -
we need expert input in order to code this variable