Section: Naval technology
Variable: Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service (All coded records)
The absence or presence of merchant_ships_pressed_into_service as a military technology used in warfare.  
Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Early Qing unknown Suspected Expert -
-
2 Late Qing present Confident Expert -
Yongzheng era, process of registering merchant vessels began [1]

[1]: (Po 2018, 168-169)


3 Late Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
-
4 Hawaii I absent Confident Expert -
-
5 Hawaii II absent Inferred Expert -
-
6 Hawaii III absent Confident Expert -
-
7 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period absent Confident Expert -
-
8 Cahokia - Early Woodland absent Confident Expert -
-
9 Cahokia - Middle Woodland absent Confident Expert -
-
10 Cahokia - Late Woodland I absent Confident Expert -
-
11 Cahokia - Late Woodland II absent Confident Expert -
-
12 Cahokia - Late Woodland III absent Confident Expert -
-
13 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I absent Confident Expert -
-
14 Cahokia - Sand Prairie absent Confident Expert -
-
15 Oneota unknown Suspected Expert -
-
16 Early Illinois Confederation absent Inferred Expert -
Not mentioned by sources [1] .

[1]: Illinois State Museum, Illinois Society: Warfare (2000), http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/soc_war.html


17 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling absent Confident Expert -
-
18 Cahokia - Moorehead absent Confident Expert -
-
19 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II absent Confident Expert -
-
20 Funan I present Inferred Expert -
’We should think of Funan, therefore, not as a centralised kingdom extending from southern Vietnam all the way around to the Kra Isthmus, but rather as a mandala, the power of whose capital in southeastern Cambodia waxed and waned, and whose armed merchant ships succeeded in enforcing its temporary suzerainty over small coastal trading ports around the Gulf of Thailand. What gave Funan the edge over other such centres of power was clearly its position astride the India-China trade route. Its power, however, is unlikely to have spread far inland. Further north, on the middle Mekong and on the lower Chao Phraya River, other power centres were establishing themselves that in time would challenge and replace Funan.’ [1]

[1]: (Stuart-Fox 2003, p. 29-30)


21 Funan II present Inferred Expert -
’We should think of Funan, therefore, not as a centralised kingdom extending from southern Vietnam all the way around to the Kra Isthmus, but rather as a mandala, the power of whose capital in southeastern Cambodia waxed and waned, and whose armed merchant ships succeeded in enforcing its temporary suzerainty over small coastal trading ports around the Gulf of Thailand. What gave Funan the edge over other such centres of power was clearly its position astride the India-China trade route. Its power, however, is unlikely to have spread far inland. Further north, on the middle Mekong and on the lower Chao Phraya River, other power centres were establishing themselves that in time would challenge and replace Funan.’ [1] ’By the end of the fifth century, Funan was losing ground to its northern neighbor Linyi (the future Champa), the sailors who had provided Funan’s navy had turned to piracy, and the Malay entrepoˆts had begun sending their own embassies to China. In this same period, as noted earlier, Funan’s canal and irrigation networks were expanding rapidly in the Mekong Delta, as part of its transition to a more intensive agricultural economy. However, Funan’s decline continued, as midway through the sixth century its Khmer vassals to the north broke away, and by the seventh century Funan was no more. Its irrigation networks in the Mekong Delta were reclaimed by jungle as the farmers moved northwest to the new Khmer-ruled centers in the central Cambodia Tonle Sap area.’ [2]

[1]: (Stuart-Fox 2003, p. 29-30)

[2]: (Hall 2010, pp. 60-61)


22 Chenla present Confident Expert -
’We should think of Funan, therefore, not as a centralised kingdom extending from southern Vietnam all the way around to the Kra Isthmus, but rather as a mandala, the power of whose capital in southeastern Cambodia waxed and waned, and whose armed merchant ships succeeded in enforcing its temporary suzerainty over small coastal trading ports around the Gulf of Thailand. What gave Funan the edge over other such centres of power was clearly its position astride the India-China trade route. Its power, however, is unlikely to have spread far inland. Further north, on the middle Mekong and on the lower Chao Phraya River, other power centres were establishing themselves that in time would challenge and replace Funan.’ [1]

[1]: (Stuart-Fox 2003, 29-30)


23 Early Angkor absent Inferred Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’s in-depth and exhaustive examination of Khmer naval history does not produce any evidence of the use of merchant ships in military affairs. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007, p. 127)


24 Classical Angkor absent Inferred Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’s in-depth and exhaustive examination of Khmer naval history does not produce any evidence of the use of merchant ships in military affairs. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007, p. 127)


25 Late Angkor absent Inferred Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’s in-depth and exhaustive examination of Khmer naval history does not produce any evidence of the use of merchant ships in military affairs. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007, p. 127)


26 Khmer Kingdom absent Inferred Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’s in-depth and exhaustive examination of Khmer naval history does not produce any evidence of the use of merchant ships in military affairs. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007, p. 127)


27 Ayutthaya absent Inferred Expert -
Ayudhya relied on junks for overseas trade with China and elsewhere, but it does not seem to have produced a large naval armament that abandoned the coasts in the early modern period." [1] .

[1]: (Charney 2004, p. 108)


28 Rattanakosin unknown Suspected Expert -
No references in the literature.
29 Chuuk - Early Truk absent Confident Expert -
-
30 Chuuk - Late Truk absent Confident Expert -
-
31 Neolithic Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
32 Prepalatial Crete unknown Suspected Expert -
-
33 Archaic Crete unknown Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Everson, T. 2004. Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great, Sutton.


34 Hellenistic Crete unknown Suspected Expert -
-
35 Roman Empire - Principate present Confident Expert -
For example, Roman invasion of Britain. Did not have military transport ships.
36 Roman Empire - Dominate absent Confident Expert -
Transport vessels existed. [1]

[1]: [22]


37 East Roman Empire present Confident Expert -
-
38 Byzantine Empire I present Confident Expert -
Preiser-Kapeller says present. [1]

[1]: (Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)


39 The Emirate of Crete unknown Suspected Expert -
-
40 Byzantine Empire II present Confident Expert -
Preiser-Kapeller says present. [1]

[1]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)


41 Byzantine Empire III present Confident Expert -
Preiser-Kapeller says present. [1]

[1]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)


42 Cuzco - Late Formative absent Inferred Expert -
Small size of polity implies that there was no significant naval military activity.
43 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I absent Inferred Expert -
Small size of polity implies that there was no significant naval military activity.
44 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II absent Inferred Expert -
Small size of polity implies that there was no significant naval military activity.
45 Wari Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
46 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I unknown Suspected Expert -
probably absent
47 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
48 Inca Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
49 Spanish Empire I unknown Suspected Expert -
-
50 Deccan - Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
-
51 Post-Mauryan Kingdoms unknown Suspected Expert -
-
52 Vakataka Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
53 Kadamba Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
54 Chalukyas of Badami unknown Suspected Expert -
-
55 Rashtrakuta Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
56 Chalukyas of Kalyani unknown Suspected Expert -
-
57 Hoysala Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
58 Kampili Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
59 Vijayanagara Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
60 Mughal Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
61 British Empire II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
62 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early absent Confident Expert -
-
63 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late absent Confident Expert -
-
64 Canaan present Confident Expert -
-
65 Phoenician Empire present Confident Expert -
The line between "merchant ship" and "warship" was blurry in any event, given the dangers of piracy in the Mediterranean. [1]

[1]: Moore/Lewis (2000).


66 Yisrael absent Confident Expert -
-
67 Neo-Assyrian Empire present Confident Expert -
-
68 Achaemenid Empire present Inferred Expert -
In 345 BCE vs Sidonians: "The fleet consisted of 300 warships and 500 cargo vessels." [1]

[1]: (Dandamaev 1989, 308) Dandamaev, M A. 1989. A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Brill.


69 Seleucids unknown Suspected Expert -
-
70 Ptolemaic Kingdom I present Confident Expert -
-
71 Yehuda present Inferred Expert -
Given the amount of trade taking place from Judean ports, and the amount of piracy in the Mediterranean, this is likely. Indeed, Hyrcanus II accused his brother Aristobulus of engaging in piracy himself. Various Hasmonean kings also used maritime motifs in their coinage. [1]

[1]: Patai (1999:75).


72 Early A'chik absent Confident Expert -
inland polity
73 Late A'chik absent Confident Expert -
-
74 Akan - Pre-Ashanti absent Confident Expert -
-
75 Ashanti Empire absent Inferred Expert -
The sources available make no mention of naval warfare or technology.
76 Icelandic Commonwealth absent Inferred Expert -
On occasion, feuding chieftains would gather fleets: ’Sturla was implacable. Immediately after Snorri’s departure he seized Reykholt, took possession of all his belongings, and forced the chieftains of the district to offer their submission. Urökja and Sturla Thordsson, the historian, fled to Aedey, where they began to gather a fleet of ships with which they intended to sail to the Borgafjord, but Sighvat and Sturla harried the seacoast districts and killed many of their adherents.’ [1] ’Thord, however, did not leave Iceland, but fled to some islands, where he gathered a fleet of thirty ships, a naval force which his adversaries did not venture to meet. Kolbein harried the southwestern districts where Thord had received some assistance. He even dispatched a force to Stadarhol to slay Sturla Thordsson. But he had been warned, and they were only able to plunder his estates.’ [2] Gjerset mentions one naval battle: ’Thord now resolved to gather a fleet for an attack on Kolbein, since a march overland to northern Iceland was very difficult. He was able to secure fifteen small vessels, and sailed with a band of 220 men, leaving the defense of the home districts to Sturla Thordsson. But Kolbein, who was informed of his plans, met him with a larger fleet and superior forces in the bay of Hunafloi, and defeated him after a severe engagement.’ [3] [None of these ships/boats appear to have been ocean going merchant vessels. The flagship of the larger fleet in 1244 was ‘almost’ ocean-going. These were large fishing boats, ferries and vessels used for coastal transport each holding about 20-30 men. So probably (inferred) absent.]

[1]: (Gjerset 1924, 178) Gjerset, Knut. 1924. History of Iceland. New York: Macmillan. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/8FGVBVMM/itemKey/GJDJ6MTB

[2]: (Gjerset 1924, 189) Gjerset, Knut. 1924. History of Iceland. New York: Macmillan. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/8FGVBVMM/itemKey/GJDJ6MTB

[3]: (Gjerset 1924, 191) Gjerset, Knut. 1924. History of Iceland. New York: Macmillan. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/8FGVBVMM/itemKey/GJDJ6MTB


77 Kingdom of Norway II absent Inferred Expert -
[The only recorded naval battle took place in 1244 CE.]
78 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Inferred as Mehrgarh is landlocked.
79 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Inferred as Mehrgarh is landlocked.
80 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Inferred as Mehrgarh is landlocked.
81 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period absent Confident Expert -
-
82 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I absent Inferred Expert -
-
83 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
84 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period absent Confident Expert -
Pirak is landlocked.
85 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period absent Confident Expert -
-
86 Parthian Empire I unknown Suspected Expert -
-
87 Indo-Greek Kingdom absent Inferred Expert -
inferred. As a landlocked kingdom, naval forces were restricted to river craft.
88 Kushan Empire absent Confident Expert -
Landlocked polity.
89 Sasanid Empire I unknown Suspected Expert -
-
90 Hephthalites absent Confident Expert -
The Hepthalites were a landlocked empire. [1]

[1]: Grousset, Rene. The empire of the steppes: a history of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press, 1970.


91 Sasanid Empire II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
92 Umayyad Caliphate present Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Blankinship 1994, 26,87,105,304, 309)


93 Abbasid Caliphate I present Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Gabrieli, Francesco. "Greeks and Arabs in the Central Mediterranean Area." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18 (1964): 57-65.


94 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period unknown Suspected Expert -
"The Delhi Sultanate had no navy and the Mughal Empire made sporadic attempts to construct a navy. The Mughals maintained a riverine fleet for coastal warfare but lacked a Blue Water Navy." [1]

[1]: (Roy 2015, 9) Kaushik Roy. 2015. Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500 BCE to 1740 CE. Routledge. London.


95 Ghur Principality absent Inferred Expert -
"The Delhi Sultanate had no navy and the Mughal Empire made sporadic attempts to construct a navy. The Mughals maintained a riverine fleet for coastal warfare but lacked a Blue Water Navy." [1]

[1]: (Roy 2015, 9) Kaushik Roy. 2015. Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500 BCE to 1740 CE. Routledge. London.


96 Delhi Sultanate absent Inferred Expert -
"The Delhi Sultanate had no navy and the Mughal Empire made sporadic attempts to construct a navy. The Mughals maintained a riverine fleet for coastal warfare but lacked a Blue Water Navy." [1]

[1]: (Roy 2015, 9) Kaushik Roy. 2015. Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500 BCE to 1740 CE. Routledge. London.


97 Sind - Samma Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
"The Delhi Sultanate had no navy and the Mughal Empire made sporadic attempts to construct a navy. The Mughals maintained a riverine fleet for coastal warfare but lacked a Blue Water Navy." [1]

[1]: (Roy 2015, 9) Kaushik Roy. 2015. Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500 BCE to 1740 CE. Routledge. London.


98 Durrani Empire absent Confident Expert -
As the Durrani were a land based power, coded absent. [1]

[1]: Roy, Kaushik. War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849. Taylor & Francis, 2011. pp. 30-35


99 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
100 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
101 Japan - Early Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
102 Japan - Middle Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
103 Japan - Late Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
104 Japan - Final Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
105 OOpsian unknown Suspected Expert -
low level of merchant activity.
106 Kansai - Kofun Period unknown Suspected Expert -
low amount of trade and polities of Japan/Korea may not have attempted to control sea routes at this time.
107 Asuka unknown Suspected Expert -
-
108 Heian unknown Suspected Expert -
-
109 Kamakura Shogunate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
110 Ashikaga Shogunate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
111 Warring States Japan unknown Suspected Expert -
-
112 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama unknown Suspected Expert -
-
113 Tokugawa Shogunate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
114 Iban - Pre-Brooke absent Confident Expert -
-
115 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial present Confident Expert -
Finally, armed with the Brunei permission, a Sarawak expeditionary force advanced toward Mukah. It consisted of twenty-five boats belonging to the Malay traders and three small, sail-powered gunboats. [1]

[1]: Pringle, Robert Maxwell. 1968. “Ibans Of Sarawak Under Brooke Rule, 1841-1941.”, 191


116 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
117 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
118 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
119 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
120 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
121 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age unknown Suspected Expert -
No information in the archaeological evidence for this time and code has yet to receive an expert check
122 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia unknown Suspected Expert -
No information in the archaeological evidence for this time and code has yet to receive an expert check
123 Hatti - Old Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
’There was no Hittite fleet, and we do not know what ships were used for intercourse with the island of Cyprus, which the Hittites appear to have controlled. They used the services of the countries covered, especially Ugarit. However, the last king of Hatti, Suppiluliuma II actually boasts of victory in two sea battles (but does not describe them).’ [1]

[1]: Gurney, O. R. (1952) The Hittites, Penguin. pp. 103


124 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II unknown Suspected Expert -
"There was no Hittite fleet, and we do not know what ships were used for intercourse with the island of Cyprus, which the Hittites appear to have controlled. They used the services of the countries covered, especially Ugarit. However, the last king of Hatti, Suppiluliuma II actually boasts of victory in two sea battles (but does not describe them)." [1]

[1]: Gurney, O. R. (1952) The Hittites, Penguin. pp. 103


125 Hatti - New Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
"There was no Hittite fleet, and we do not know what ships were used for intercourse with the island of Cyprus, which the Hittites appear to have controlled. They used the services of the countries covered, especially Ugarit. However, the last king of Hatti, Suppiluliuma II actually boasts of victory in two sea battles (but does not describe them)." [1]

[1]: Gurney, O. R. (1952) The Hittites, Penguin. pp. 103


126 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms unknown Suspected Expert -
’There was no Hittite fleet, and we do not know what ships were used for intercourse with the island of Cyprus, which the Hittites appear to have controlled. They used the services of the countries covered, especially Ugarit. However, the last king of Hatti, Suppiluliuma II actually boasts of victory in two sea battles (but does not describe them).’ [1]

[1]: Gurney, O. R. (1952) The Hittites, Penguin. pp. 103


127 Phrygian Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
128 Tabal Kingdoms unknown Suspected Expert -
not mentioned in literature
129 Kingdom of Lydia unknown Suspected Expert -
-
130 Late Cappadocia absent Confident Expert -
Inferred, as Cappadocia is landlocked.
131 Rum Sultanate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
132 Ilkhanate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
133 Ottoman Empire II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
134 Latium - Copper Age absent Confident Expert -
-
135 Latium - Bronze Age absent Confident Expert -
-
136 Roman Kingdom absent Inferred Expert -
RA couldn’t find relevant information. Expert advice is needed
137 Early Roman Republic unknown Confident Expert -
-
138 Middle Roman Republic present Confident Expert -
Likely for transportation of military overseas, e.g. at this time to Egypt or North Africa.
139 Late Roman Republic present Confident Expert -
Likely for transportation of military overseas, e.g. at this time to Egypt or North Africa.
140 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity unknown Confident Expert -
"A further consequence of the loss of Africa to the Vandals was the fact that in capturing Carthage the Vandals also appeared to have taken control of the Roman fleet. ... concerning the nature of this ’fleet’, ... most likely that the majority of the ships stationed at Carthage were merchant ships, although there may have been a few warships in Carthage as a precautionary measure against attack, and as encouragement to traders to maintain their belief in Roman domination of the Mediterranean." [1]

[1]: (Huges 2015) Huges, Ian. 2015. Patricians and Emperors: The Last Rulers of the Western Roman Empire. Pen and Sword Military.


141 Ostrogothic Kingdom unknown Confident Expert -
-
142 Exarchate of Ravenna absent Confident Expert -
-
143 Republic of St Peter I absent Confident Expert -
-
144 Rome - Republic of St Peter II present Confident Expert -
-
145 Papal States - High Medieval Period present Confident Expert -
Present, because shipping was active on the Tiber and in the Tyrhennian throughout the period, and the papacy frequently used the fleets of allies such as the Angevins.
146 Papal States - Renaissance Period present Confident Expert -
-
147 Papal States - Early Modern Period I present Confident Expert -
-
148 Papal States - Early Modern Period II absent Confident Expert -
-
149 Sakha - Early absent Confident Expert -
Given the importance of nomadism, it seems unlikely that naval technology was used in warfare.
150 Sakha - Late absent Confident Expert -
Given the importance of nomadism, it seems unlikely that naval technology was used in warfare.
151 Shuar - Colonial absent Confident Expert -
Only canoes are mentioned in the sources
152 Shuar - Ecuadorian absent Confident Expert -
Only canoes are mentioned in the sources
153 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period unknown Suspected Expert -
-
154 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period absent Confident Expert -
Some of these ships were adapted cargo vessels. Used to transport troops to Lebanese port for war against Syrian city states, and the Mitanni kingdom. [1]

[1]: (Healy 1992, 25)


155 Egypt - Saite Period unknown Suspected Expert -
-
156 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period unknown Suspected Expert -
-
157 Ptolemaic Kingdom II present Confident Expert -
-
158 Middle Wagadu Empire absent Confident Expert -
-
159 Fatimid Caliphate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
160 Later Wagadu Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
161 Mali Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
162 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I unknown Suspected Expert -
-
163 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
164 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III present Confident Expert -
’Mamluk attack on Yemen ‘Husayn, with the main body of vessels, set out for Aden while Salman caught up with the trading vessels which were laden with goods. He left them unharmed and simply exchanged his own sea captain for the Tahirid on the sultan’s ship. This was in order to ensure that they obtained the revenues from the sale of the goods and he also took the precaution of sending a letter to the sultan of Gujarat telling him that Yemen now belonged to them. The ship’s captain was instructed to return with provisions, wood and iron.’"’ Husayn al-Kurdf then began his siege of Aden, heavily bombarding the city from the ships.’ [1] ’

[1]: Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, p. 131, Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/


165 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty absent Confident Expert -
-
166 Late Shang absent Inferred Expert -
"The first recorded use of ships in a military operation occurred circa 1045 B.C.E." [1] Used against the Shang by the Zhou.

[1]: (Lorge 2012, 82-83)


167 Western Zhou absent Confident Expert -
"The first recorded use of ships in a military operation occurred circa 1045 B.C.E when King Wu of Zhou ferried 300 chariots and 3,000 men of his personal guard across the Yellow River at Menjin in forty-seven ships to attack the Shang capital. These were not specialized warships but vessels commandeered for the operation." [1]

[1]: (Lorge 2012, 82-83)


168 Jin unknown Suspected Expert -
-
169 Western Han Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
170 Eastern Han Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
171 Western Jin unknown Suspected Expert -
-
172 Northern Wei unknown Suspected Expert -
-
173 Sui Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
613 CE: Emperor Yang vs. Koguryo: A rebel had been "delaying the shipment of supplies northward through Hebei on the pretext that bandit activity had blocked traffic on the Yongji Canal." [1] Note: can infer that army used merchant ships for this?

[1]: (Graff 2002, 153) Graff, D A. 2002. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Routledge. London.


174 Tang Dynasty I present Inferred Expert -
"Supply ships." [1]

[1]: (Graff 2002, 199) Graff, D A. 2002. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Routledge. London


175 Nara Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
176 Tang Dynasty II present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from Early Tang
177 Jin Dynasty present Confident Expert -
-
178 Mongol Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
179 Great Yuan present Confident Expert -
-
180 Great Ming present Confident Expert -
The bulk good travel more cheaply by water than by land, hence the importance of rivers and canals for transporting grain and other bulk commodities. The nature flow of China was from its western mountains to its eastern plains, so the Grand Canal, the origins of which go back to seventh century, would become the core of the Ming state’s north-south transportation strategy. [1]

[1]: (Brook, 2010, p.110)


181 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation absent Confident Expert -
According to personal communication with N. Kradin. [1]

[1]: (Kradin 2015, personal communication)


182 Late Xiongnu absent Confident Expert -
According to personal communication with N. Kradin. [1]

[1]: (Kradin 2015, personal communication)


183 Rouran Khaganate absent Confident Expert -
There were rivers, but the Rouran were nomads who did not have permanent settlements so no reason to use boats to travel from point A-B when they have horses to do so. Certainly would not have needed to use river vessels for military use. Half the year the rivers would be frozen.
184 Kidarite Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
Landlocked polity.
185 Western Turk Khaganate absent Confident Expert -
[1] Inferred from Eastern Turk Khaganate of the same time

[1]: (Kradin 2015, personal communication)


186 Eastern Turk Khaganate absent Confident Expert -
According to personal communication with N. Kradin. [1]

[1]: (Kradin 2015, personal communication)


187 Uigur Khaganate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
188 Samanid Empire absent Inferred Expert -
"Central Asia’s traders ... moved their goods by large, solidly built boats on the region’s three main rivers." [1]

[1]: (Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia’s Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.


189 Khitan I absent Confident Expert -
There were rivers, but the Khitan were steppe nomads so did not have much use for boats to travel armies from point A-B when they had horses that were much more mobile. Half the year the rivers would be frozen.
190 Kara-Khanids unknown Suspected Expert -
-
191 Chagatai Khanate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
192 Early Merovingian unknown Suspected Expert -
Not discussed in consulted literature - RA.
193 Middle Merovingian unknown Suspected Expert -
Not discussed in consulted literature - RA.
194 Carolingian Empire I present Confident Expert -
David Baker says present. [1]

[1]: David Baker. Personal communication to Seshat Databank.


195 Carolingian Empire II present Confident Expert -
David Baker says present. [1]

[1]: David Baker. Personal communication to Seshat Databank.


196 French Kingdom - Early Valois present Confident Expert -
"French fleets consisted mainly of merchant vessels recruited for royal service. Galleys were built or hired to fight, but by the 15th century these were replaced by large sailing ships over a hundred feet in length with carrying capacities of up to 1,000 tons." [1]

[1]: (Runyan 1995, 1246-1247) Timothy J Runyan. 1995. Naval Power. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York.


197 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
Campaigns were fought on land, not at sea. [1]

[1]: Sekunda, Nick. The army of Alexander the Great.


198 Himyar I present Confident Expert -
"The Himyarite navy appears to have consisted of the dhow merchant ships meant either for trade in the Red Sea, Arabian Sea or Indian Ocean, and small numbers of pirate vessels." [1] "The bulk of the Himyarite naval assets lay in the ports of Mukhawan, Aden, Qana, and after its conquest also in Oman. These ports could house truly significant numbers of these ships. For example, on one occasion in the thrid century the Sabaeans destroyed forty-seven cargo vessels/sambuccas in one of the Hadramawt ports ..." [2]

[1]: (Syvanne 2015, 135) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.

[2]: (Syvanne 2015, 136) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.


199 Himyar II present Confident Expert -
"The Himyarite navy appears to have consisted of the dhow merchant ships meant either for trade in the Red Sea, Arabian Sea or Indian Ocean, and small numbers of pirate vessels." [1] "The bulk of the Himyarite naval assets lay in the ports of Mukhawan, Aden, Qana, and after its conquest also in Oman. These ports could house truly significant numbers of these ships. For example, on one occasion in the thrid century the Sabaeans destroyed forty-seven cargo vessels/sambuccas in one of the Hadramawt ports ..." [2]

[1]: (Syvanne 2015, 135) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.

[2]: (Syvanne 2015, 136) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.


200 Yemen Ziyad Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
Code inferred from Abbasid Caliphate [1] which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE. Greek fire was being used: "by the year 850 even crew members of Arab trading vessels in the Indian Ocean would use it to protect their ships against pirates". [2]

[1]: (Gabrieli 1964, 57-65) Francesco Gabrieli. 1964. Greeks and Arabs in the Central Mediterranean Area. Papers 18. Dumbarton Oaks.

[2]: Z Bilkadi. 1984. Bitumen: A History. Saudi Aramco World. November/December. pp 2-9. https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198406/bitumen.-.a.history.htm


201 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period present Inferred Expert -
present for Abbasid Caliphate: [1]

[1]: Gabrieli, Francesco. "Greeks and Arabs in the Central Mediterranean Area." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18 (1964): 57-65.


202 Buyid Confederation unknown Suspected Expert -
-
203 Seljuk Sultanate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
204 Yemen - Era of Warlords present Inferred Expert -
Code inferred from Abbasid Caliphate [1] which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE. Greek fire was being used: "by the year 850 even crew members of Arab trading vessels in the Indian Ocean would use it to protect their ships against pirates". [2]

[1]: (Gabrieli 1964, 57-65) Francesco Gabrieli. 1964. Greeks and Arabs in the Central Mediterranean Area. Papers 18. Dumbarton Oaks.

[2]: Z Bilkadi. 1984. Bitumen: A History. Saudi Aramco World. November/December. pp 2-9. https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198406/bitumen.-.a.history.htm


205 Ayyubid Sultanate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
206 Rasulid Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
-
207 Timurid Empire absent Inferred Expert -
No naval warfare.
208 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
Naval battle recorded but the pressing of merchant ships into service is not mentioned
209 Safavid Empire present Confident Expert -
Shah Abbas would recruit sailors from Arab vassal states to man converted merchant ships. [1]

[1]: Steven R. Ward, Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces (Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2009), p.49.


210 Mahajanapada era unknown Suspected Expert -
Boats are mentioned in the Rigveda but it is not clear if they were for rivers or the sea, or whether they were used for military activity. [1]

[1]: Singh, Upinder, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2008, p.199.


211 Gupta Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
212 Gahadavala Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
-
213 Kingdom of Ayodhya unknown Suspected Expert -
-
214 Kannauj - Varman Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
"In north India, Bengal and the Indus valley played important role in naval affairs. We are informed that Jivitagupta II of Magadha and Dahir and Jaismha of Sind had also powerful naval forces. Jaisimha was defeated and killed by the Arabs after a hard fought naval battle." [1]

[1]: (Mishra 1977, 149) Shyam Manohar Mishra. 1977. Yaśovarman of Kanauj: A Study of Political History, Social, and Cultural Life of Northern India During the Reign of Yaśovarman. Abhinav Publications.


215 Yangshao absent Confident Expert -
"The first recorded use of ships in a military operation occurred circa 1045 B.C.E." [1]

[1]: (Lorge 2012, 82-83)


216 Longshan absent Confident Expert -
"The first recorded use of ships in a military operation occurred circa 1045 B.C.E." [1]

[1]: (Lorge 2012, 82-83)


217 Erlitou absent Confident Expert -
"The first recorded use of ships in a military operation occurred circa 1045 B.C.E." [1]

[1]: (Lorge 2012, 82-83)


218 Erligang absent Confident Expert -
"The first recorded use of ships in a military operation occurred circa 1045 B.C.E." [1]

[1]: (Lorge 2012, 82-83)


219 Early Wei Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
-
220 Northern Song unknown Suspected Expert -
-
221 Jenne-jeno I absent Confident Expert -
-
222 Jenne-jeno II absent Confident Expert -
-
223 Jenne-jeno III absent Confident Expert -
-
224 Jenne-jeno IV absent Confident Expert -
-
225 Saadi Sultanate present Confident Expert -
"The state budgets of the 16th century were not designed to sustain the expense of the continuous upkeep of large professional navies. Use was therefore made of the private profit motive. Individual adventurers, known as privateers or corsairs, were authorised to equip and man armed vessels. These might then attack the shipping of states with which the government of their owners was at war and make a profit from disposing of the booty taken. The proceeds were divided in legally fixed proportions between the owner, the government, the officers, and the crew; in this way war was made to pay for itself. In national emergencies this shipping and the crews formed a reserve for enlarging such regular forces as the state might possess. Captured privateers enjoyed the rights of prisoners of war. The finance might be provided by the monarch himself, by individuals, or by a syndicate. Officially such activities could only be carried on with previous permission of some national authority, against shipping belonging to enemies of the state and in accordance with internationally recognised conventions, modified or amplified by bilateral treaties between the states concerned." [1]

[1]: (Barbour 1969, 99) Nevill Barbour. North West Africa From the 15th to 19th Centuries. H K Kissling. F R C Bagley. N Barbour. J S Trimingham. H Braun. B Spuler. H Hartel. eds. 1969. The Muslim World. A Historical Survey. Part III. The Last Great Muslim Empires. EJ BRILL. Leiden.


226 Segou Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
227 Bamana kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
228 Neguanje absent Inferred Expert -
No discussion in literature of this. In this case it is evidence of absence since this is in line with logical expectations for this late-complexity society.
229 Tairona unknown Suspected Expert -
-
230 Early Xiongnu absent Inferred Expert -
The Xiongnu were land-based steppe nomads, unlikely to have had any sort of navy
231 Xianbei Confederation absent Confident Expert -
According to personal communication with N. Kradin. [1]

[1]: (Kradin 2015, personal communication)


232 Shiwei unknown Suspected Expert -
-
233 Second Turk Khaganate absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Kradin 2015, personal communication)


234 Early Mongols absent Confident Expert -
-
235 Late Mongols unknown Suspected Expert -
-
236 Zungharian Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
237 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial absent Confident Expert -
-
238 Orokaiva - Colonial absent Confident Expert -
-
239 Beaker Culture absent Inferred Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
240 Atlantic Complex unknown Suspected Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
241 Hallstatt A-B1 unknown Suspected Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
242 Hallstatt B2-3 absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
243 Hallstatt C absent Inferred Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
244 Hallstatt D absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
245 La Tene A-B1 unknown Suspected Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
246 La Tene B2-C1 unknown Suspected Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
247 La Tene C2-D unknown Suspected Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature RA.
248 Proto-Carolingian unknown Suspected Expert -
Not discussed in consulted literature - RA.
249 Proto-French Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
"French fleets consisted mainly of merchant vessels recruited for royal service." [1] Does this reference apply to this period? - Perhaps not. "The English possessions in France led to Anglo-French warfare in the 13th and 14th centuries. The French pieced together a navy for use in the Atlantic and the Channel, often hiring Genose galleys to fight the English, especially in the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453 CE). France also built a naval base and shipyard, the Clos des Galées, at Rouen." [2]

[1]: (Runyan 1995, 1246-1247)

[2]: (Runyan 1995, 1246-1247) Timothy J Runyan. 1995. Naval Power. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York.


250 French Kingdom - Late Capetian present Confident Expert -
"French fleets consisted mainly of merchant vessels recruited for royal service. Galleys were built or hired to fight, but by the 15th century these were replaced by large sailing ships over a hundred feet in length with carrying capacities of up to 1,000 tons." [1]

[1]: (Runyan 1995, 1246-1247) Timothy J Runyan. 1995. Naval Power. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York.


251 French Kingdom - Late Valois unknown Suspected Expert -
-
252 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon unknown Suspected Expert -
-
253 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon unknown Suspected Expert -
Merchant marine increased 200-500 ships 1660-1680 CE. [1]

[1]: (Ladurie 1991, 152-153)


254 Sarazm unknown Suspected Expert -
-
255 Andronovo unknown Suspected Expert -
-
256 Koktepe I unknown Suspected Expert -
-
257 Ancient Khwarazm unknown Suspected Expert -
-
258 Koktepe II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
259 Tocharians unknown Suspected Expert -
-
260 Sogdiana - City-States Period absent Confident Expert -
Landlocked to sea.
261 Khanate of Bukhara absent Inferred Expert -
Landlocked state, nomadic cavalry-based army.
262 Hmong - Late Qing unknown Suspected Expert -
we need expert input in order to code this variable
263 Hmong - Early Chinese unknown Suspected Expert -
we need expert input in order to code this variable
264 Ubaid unknown Suspected Expert -
-
265 Uruk unknown Suspected Expert -
There are some proves for using the boats in river trade between southern and northern Mesopotamia, therefore the used the merchant ships cannot be completely excluded. [1]

[1]: Carter 2012, 356-7


266 Akkadian Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
No evidence to code.
267 Ur - Dynasty III unknown Suspected Expert -
-
268 Parthian Empire II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
269 Abbasid Caliphate II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
270 Pre-Ceramic Period absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
271 Formative Period absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
272 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
273 Susiana A absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
274 Susiana B absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
275 Susiana - Early Ubaid absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
276 Susiana - Late Ubaid absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
277 Susa I absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
278 Susa II absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
279 Susa III absent Confident Expert -
Technology not yet available
280 Elam - Awan Dynasty I unknown Suspected Expert -
Not mentioned in literature
281 Elam - Shimashki Period unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


282 Elam - Early Sukkalmah unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


283 Elam - Late Sukkalmah unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


284 Elam - Kidinuid Period unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


285 Elam - Igihalkid Period unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


286 Elam - Shutrukid Period unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


287 Elam - Crisis Period unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


288 Elam I unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


289 Elam II unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


290 Elam III unknown Suspected Expert -
At the time of Ur III c2000 BCE Gu’abba was a seaport on the Persian Gulf that built ships and had a textile manufacturing sector. A trade route from Guabba ran east to the Karun River and beyond (the region of Susiana). The route was also used for the transport of troops. [1] The Karun River runs inland into Khuzestan which was the Elamite heartland. It would be logical for there to have been boats that sailed down this river to the Persian Gulf. The boats on the Karun could also have ferried troops.

[1]: (? 2018) Author?. Title?. Javier Alvarez-Mon. Gian Pietro Basello. Yasmina Wicks. ed. 2018. The Elamite World. Routledge. Abingdon.


291 Elymais II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
292 Ak Koyunlu unknown Suspected Expert -
"A perhaps unexpected role that fell to Turcomans who had risen to power in the mountains of Anatolia, far from the sea, was to garrison forts along the Arabian Gulf coast to protect the rich trading links with India. Aq Qoyunlu vessels plied such waters, but whether any could be regarded as warships to suppress the endemic piracy of the Gulf is again unknown." [1] "The weapons used in the military forces of the Anatolian Principalities ... Principalities with an outlet on the sea are believed to have had small naval forces." [2]

[1]: (Nicolle 1990, 37) Nicolle, David. 1990. The Age of Tamerlane. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (1994, 365) Ibrahim Kafesoglu. Ahmet Edip Uysal. Erdogan Mercil. Hidayet Yavuz Nuhoglu. 1994. A short history of Turkish-Islamic states (excluding the Ottoman state). Turkish Historical Society Printing House.


293 Qajar unknown Suspected Expert -
-
294 Badarian unknown Suspected Expert -
-
295 Naqada I unknown Suspected Expert -
-
296 Naqada II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
297 Egypt - Dynasty 0 unknown Suspected Expert -
-
298 Egypt - Dynasty I absent Inferred Expert -
-
299 Egypt - Dynasty II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
300 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
-
301 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
-
302 Egypt - Period of the Regions absent Inferred Expert -
-
303 Egypt - Middle Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
304 Egypt - Kushite Period absent Inferred Expert -
needs expert verification
305 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas absent Confident Expert -
The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.
306 Oaxaca - San Jose absent Confident Expert -
The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.
307 Oaxaca - Rosario absent Confident Expert -
The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.
308 Early Monte Alban I absent Confident Expert -
The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.
309 Monte Alban Late I absent Confident Expert -
The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.
310 Monte Alban II absent Confident Expert -
The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.
311 Monte Alban III absent Confident Expert -
The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.
312 Monte Alban IIIB and IV absent Confident Expert -
The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.
313 Monte Alban V absent Confident Expert -
The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.
314 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty absent Confident Expert -
We have found no indication of naval battles.